Smoking-attributable mortality in Spain: A systematic review. / Mortalidad atribuida al consumo de tabaco en España: Revisión sistemática.

Smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is an indicator that reflects the evolution of the tobacco epidemic at the population level. The objective of this study is to identify and to describe published studies that have estimated SAM in Spain. A search in PubMed and EMBASE databases was performed, limited to studies published until April 15th, 2021. Studies that estimated SAM in Spain or its constituent regions were included. Of the 146 studies identified, 22 met eligibility criteria. The first estimate of SAM in Spain dates from 1978 and the last from 2017. Twelve of the studies found estimated SAM at national level, 8 in regions, 1 in a province and 1 in a city. Most estimates were made for adults aged over 34, categorized as smokers, ex-smokers and never smokers. Observed mortality derived, in all studies, from official records, and relative risks mostly from Cancer Prevention Study II. In the period analyzed, a decrease in the burden of SAM was observed. In Spain, different SAM estimates are available globally, but they do not have regular periodicity, and such estimates are infrequently made by region. Due to variations in methodology and data sources, it is difficult to assess changes in SAM. Having global and regional periodic estimates would be necessary to correctly monitor the tobacco epidemic in Spain.

La mortalidad atribuida (MA) al consumo de tabaco es un indicador que refleja la evolución de la epidemia tabáquica a nivel poblacional. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar y describir los estudios publicados que hayan estimado MA al consumo de tabaco en España. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos de PubMed y EMBASE de los trabajos publicados hasta el 15/04/2021. Se incluyeron estudios que estimaron MA en España en su conjunto o en unidades territoriales. Se identificaron 146 estudios y 22 cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. La primera estimación de MA en España data de 1978 y la última de 2017. En 12 estudios se estimó la MA a nivel nacional, 8 en comunidades autónomas, 1 a nivel provincial y 1 en una ciudad. La mayoría de estimaciones se realizaron en adultos mayores de 34 años categorizados como fumadores, exfumadores y nunca fumadores. La mortalidad observada derivó en todos los estudios de registros oficiales y los riesgos relativos mayoritariamente del Cancer Prevention Study II. En el periodo analizado se observó una disminución en la carga de MA en relación con la mortalidad total. En España se dispone de estimaciones de MA a nivel global, pero no tienen periodicidad regular y es infrecuente que se realicen en unidades territoriales. Debido a variaciones en la metodología y en las fuentes de datos es difícil evaluar de forma precisa cambios en la MA. Sería necesario disponer de estimaciones periódicas globales y regionales para monitorizar correctamente la epidemia tabáquica en España.

Lung cancer mortality attributable to residential radon: a systematic scoping review.

After smoking, residential radon is the second risk factor of lung cancer in general population and the first in never-smokers. Previous studies have analyzed radon attributable lung cancer mortality for some countries. We aim to identify, summarize, and critically analyze the available data regarding the mortality burden of lung cancer due to radon, performing a quality assessment of the papers included, and comparing the results from different countries. We performed a systematic scoping review using the main biomedical databases. We included original studies with attributable mortality data related to radon exposure. We selected studies according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. PRISMA 2020 methodology and PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews requirements were followed. Data were abstracted using a standardized data sheet and a tailored scale was used to assess quality. We selected 24 studies describing radon attributable mortality derived from 14 different countries. Overall, 13 studies used risk models based on cohorts of miners, 8 used risks from residential radon case-control studies and 3 used both risk model options. Radon geometric mean concentration ranged from 11 to 83 Becquerels per cubic meter (Bq/m3) and the population attributable fraction (PAF) ranged from 0.2 to 26%. Studies performed in radon prone areas obtained the highest attributable mortality. High-quality publications reported PAF ranging from 3 to 12% for residential risk sources and from 7 to 25% for miner risk sources. Radon PAF for lung cancer mortality varies widely between studies. A large part of the variation is due to differences in the risk source used and the conceptual description of radon exposure assumed. A common methodology should be described and used from now on to improve the communication of these results.

Caracterización del consumo de tabaco en población adulta en Colombia: propuestas de mejora / Characterization of tobacco consumption in the adult population in Colombia: proposals for improvement

En Colombia, los estudios y encuestas poblacionales han incorporado preguntas sobre consumo de tabaco en adultos, aunque no existe un cuestionario estandarizado. Se buscó identificar los estudios o encuestas que han caracterizado el consumo de tabaco en adultos en Colombia y analizar las variables que se incluyen con ese fin, según su utilidad. Se revisaron las páginas web de organismos oficiales y se realizó una revisión narrativa de los estudios y encuestas publicados hasta febrero de 2022. Se identificaron 11 estudios o encuestas que incluyeron un número variable de preguntas sobre consumo de tabaco, todos permitieron estimar prevalencias de fumadores actuales pero no las de exfumadores. La edad objetivo del estudio no es homogénea, el ámbito es nacional en la mayoría y muestran una enorme variabilidad en las preguntas. Estandarizar los instrumentos que permiten estimar la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco debería ser una prioridad en Colombia.

In Colombia, population studies and surveys have incorporated questions on tobacco consumption in adults, although no standardized questionnaires exist. This article aimed to identify the studies or surveys that have characterized tobacco consumption in adults in Colombia and analyze the variables included for this purpose according to their usefulness. The web pages of official organizations were reviewed, and a narrative review of the studies and surveys published until February 2022 was carried out. Eleven studies or surveys were identified that included a variable number of questions on tobacco consumption, all of which allowed estimating the prevalence of current smokers but not that of ex-smokers. The target age of the study is not homogeneous; the scope is national in the majority, and there is enormous variability in the questions. Standardizing the instruments that help estimate the prevalence of tobacco consumption should be a priority in Colombia

Apoyos sociales de las familias campesinas para mantener la salud / Social supports from peasant families to maintain health

Introducción: las familias campesinas poseen apoyos sociales en varias dimensiones que proporcionan bienestar familiar. El objetivo fue comprender los apoyos sociales que tienen las familias campesinas del municipio de Villamaría (Caldas, Colombia) para mantener la salud. Método: etnografía interpretativa, muestreo intencional con observación participante y entrevistas etnográficas a siete familias de cinco veredas de la zona rural. Se realizaron 29 visitas familiares entre septiembre de 2017 y noviembre de 2018. Análisis en cuatro fases en espiral propuesto por McFarland y Leininger, con el apoyo del software Atlas ti. Resultados: los soportes sociales que las familias campesinas consideran importantes para mantener su salud se condensan en un patrón de carácter holístico denominado "sobrevivimos gracias a la familia, los vecinos, el trabajo, "Dios", y quienes nos ayudan". Demuestran heterogeneidad y son fundamentales para el mantenimiento de la salud familiar. Conclusiones las redes de apoyo social de las familias campesinas se constituyen como elementos diversos y necesarios para mantener la salud familiar, lo que motiva a los profesionales de la salud a trascender las atenciones enfocadas en el proceso salud­enfermedad.

Introduction: peasant families have social supports in various dimensions that provide family well-being. The objective was to understand the social supports to maintain health that peasant families have in the municipality of Villamaría (Caldas, Colombia). Method: interpretive ethnography, intentional sampling with participant observation and ethnographic interviews with seven families from five villages in the rural area. 29 family visits were made from September 2017 to November 2018. Four-phase spiral analysis proposed by McFarland and Leininger, supported by Atlas ti software. Results: the social supports that peasant families consider important to maintain their health are condensed into a holistic pattern called "we survive thanks to family, neighbors, work, God, and those who help us." It expresses heterogeneity and they are essential for the maintenance of family health. Conclusions: the social support networks of rural families are constituted as diverse and necessary elements to maintain family health, which motivates health professionals to transcend care focused on the health­disease process.

Mortalidad atribuida al consumo de tabaco en España: Revisión sistemática / Smoking-attributable mortality in Spain: A systematic review

La mortalidad atribuida (MA) al consumo de tabaco es un indicador que refleja la evolución de la epidemia tabáquica a nivel poblacional. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar y describir los estudios publicados que hayan estimado MA al consumo de tabaco en España. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos de PubMed y EMBASE de los trabajos publicados hasta el 15/04/2021. Se incluyeron estudios que estimaron MA en España ensu conjunto o en unidades territoriales. Se identificaron 146 estudios y 22cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. La primera estimación de MA en España data de 1978 y la última de 2017. En 12 estudios se estimó la MA a nivel nacional, 8 en comunidades autónomas, 1 a nivel provincial y 1 en una ciudad. La mayoría de estimaciones se realizaron en adultos mayores de 34años categorizados como fumadores, exfumadores y nunca fumadores. La mortalidad observada derivó en todos los estudios de registros oficiales y los riesgos relativos mayoritariamente del Cancer Prevention Study II. En el periodo analizado se observó una disminución en la carga de MA en relación con la mortalidad total. En España se dispone de estimaciones de MA a nivel global, pero no tienen periodicidad regular y es infrecuente que se realicen en unidades territoriales. Debido a variaciones en la metodología y en las fuentes de datos es difícil evaluar de forma precisa cambios en la MA. Sería necesario disponer de estimaciones periódicas globales y regionales para monitorizar correctamente la epidemia tabáquica en España. (AU)

Smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is an indicator that reflects the evolution of the tobacco epidemic at the population level. The objective of this study is to identify and to describe published studies that have estimated SAM in Spain. A search in PubMed and EMBASE databases was performed, limited to studies published until April 15th, 2021. Studies that estimated SAM in Spain or its constituent regions were included. Of the 146 studies identified, 22 met eligibility criteria. The first estimate of SAM in Spain dates from 1978 and the last from 2017. Twelve of the studies found estimated SAM at national level, 8 in regions, 1 in a province and 1 in a city. Most estimates were made for adults aged over 34, categorized as smokers, ex-smokers and never smokers. Observed mortality derived, in all studies, from official records, and relative risks mostly from Cancer Prevention StudyII. In the period analyzed, a decrease in the burden of SAM was observed. In Spain, different SAM estimates are available globally, but they do not haveregular periodicity, and such estimates are infrequently made by region. Dueto variations in methodology and data sources, it is difficult to assess changesin SAM. Having global and regional periodic estimates would be necessary to correctly monitor the tobacco epidemic in Spain. (AU)

Trends in smoking-attributable mortality in Spain: 1990-2018.

BACKGROUND: This study sought to analyse the trend in smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) in Spain among the population aged ≥35 years across the period 1990-2018. METHODS: SAM was estimated by applying a prevalence-independent method, which uses lung cancer (LC) mortality as a proxy of tobacco consumption. We sourced observed mortality from the National Institute of Statistics (Spain), LC mortality rates in smokers and never smokers from the Cancer Prevention Study I-II, and relative risks from 5 US cohorts. Estimates of annual SAM by cause of death, sex and age are shown, along with crude and annual standardised SAM rates. The trend in standardised all-cause and LC rates was analysed using a joinpoint regression model. RESULTS: Tobacco caused 1 717 150 deaths in Spain in the period 1990-2018. Among men, cancers replaced cardiovascular diseases-diabetes mellitus (CVD-DM) as the leading group of tobacco-related cause of death in 1994. Among women, CVD-DM remained the leading cause of death throughout the period. Trend analysis of standardised SAM rates due to all causes and LC showed a decrease in men and an increase in women. CONCLUSIONS: The tobacco epidemic in Spain across the period 1990-2018 has had an important impact on mortality and has evolved differently in both genders. SAM is expected to increase dramatically in women in the coming years. SAM data highlight the importance of including a gender perspective in SAM analyses, in designing more effective and comprehensive public health interventions and in developing gender-specific tobacco control policies to curb tobacco consumption.

[Lung cancer mortality trends in Colombia, 1985-2018Tendências na mortalidade por câncer de pulmão na Colômbia de 1985 a 2018]. / Tendencias en la mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón en Colombia, 1985-2018.

Objective: To determine lung cancer mortality trends in Colombia during the period 1985-2018 in the population aged 35 years and over and identify changes in the trend. Methods: Analysis of mortality time series. The specific standardized rates by sex and age group were calculated. Using joinpoint regression, the annual percentage change in the rates was estimated and points of change were identified. Results: During the period 1985-2018, 105 553 deaths from lung cancer were reported in the population aged 35 and over. The standardized rates exhibit a downward trend during the period 1985-2005, except in people over the age of 64. Conclusions: Lung cancer death rates in Colombia are trending downward. Primary and secondary prevention measures with respect to tobacco use need to be enhanced and other risk factors, such as residential radon or occupation, monitored.

Objetivo: Determinar a evolução da mortalidade por câncer de pulmão na Colômbia no período de 1985 a 2018, na população com 35 anos de idade ou mais, e identificar mudanças na tendência. Métodos: Análise de séries temporais de mortalidade. Foram calculadas taxas específicas e padronizadas por sexo e faixa etária. Por meio da regressão joinpoint, estimou-se o percentual de variação anual das taxas e foram identificados os pontos de variação. Resultados: No período de 1985 a 2018, foram registradas 105.553 mortes por câncer de pulmão na população com 35 anos de idade ou mais. As taxas padronizadas demonstram tendência decrescente no período de 1985 a 2005, exceto para maiores de 64 anos. Conclusões: A tendência das taxas de mortalidade por câncer de pulmão na Colômbia é descendente. É necessário promover medidas de prevenção primária e secundária acerca do consumo de tabaco e monitorar outros fatores de risco, como a exposição ao radônio residencial ou a ocupação.

Tendencias en la mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón en Colombia, 1985-2018

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Determinar la evolución de la mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón en Colombia en el período 1985- 2018 en la población de 35 años y más e identificar cambios en la tendencia. Métodos. Análisis de series temporales de mortalidad. Se calcularon las tasas específicas y estandarizadas por sexo y grupos de edad. Mediante la regresión joinpoint se estimó el porcentaje de cambio anual de las tasas y se identificaron puntos de cambio. Resultados. En el período 1985-2018 se registraron 105 553 muertes por cáncer de pulmón en la población de 35 años y más. Las tasas estandarizadas muestran una tendencia decreciente en el período 1985-2005, excepto en mayores de 64 años. Conclusiones. La tendencia de las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón es decreciente en Colombia. Es necesario potenciar medidas de prevención primaria y secundaria sobre el consumo de tabaco y vigilar otros factores de riesgo como el radón residencial o la ocupación.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To determine lung cancer mortality trends in Colombia during the period 1985-2018 in the popula- tion aged 35 years and over and identify changes in the trend. Methods. Analysis of mortality time series. The specific standardized rates by sex and age group were cal- culated. Using joinpoint regression, the annual percentage change in the rates was estimated and points of change were identified. Results. During the period 1985-2018, 105 553 deaths from lung cancer were reported in the population aged 35 and over. The standardized rates exhibit a downward trend during the period 1985-2005, except in people over the age of 64. Conclusions. Lung cancer death rates in Colombia are trending downward. Primary and secondary preven- tion measures with respect to tobacco use need to be enhanced and other risk factors, such as residential radon or occupation, monitored.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Determinar a evolução da mortalidade por câncer de pulmão na Colômbia no período de 1985 a 2018, na população com 35 anos de idade ou mais, e identificar mudanças na tendência. Métodos. Análise de séries temporais de mortalidade. Foram calculadas taxas específicas e padronizadas por sexo e faixa etária. Por meio da regressão joinpoint, estimou-se o percentual de variação anual das taxas e foram identificados os pontos de variação. Resultados. No período de 1985 a 2018, foram registradas 105.553 mortes por câncer de pulmão na popu- lação com 35 anos de idade ou mais. As taxas padronizadas demonstram tendência decrescente no período de 1985 a 2005, exceto para maiores de 64 anos. Conclusões. A tendência das taxas de mortalidade por câncer de pulmão na Colômbia é descendente. É necessário promover medidas de prevenção primária e secundária acerca do consumo de tabaco e monito- rar outros fatores de risco, como a exposição ao radônio residencial ou a ocupação.

Serum cotinine cut-points for secondhand smoke exposure assessment in children under 5 years: A systemic review.

BACKGROUND: Serum cotinine has become the most widely used biomarker of secondhand smoke exposure (SHS) over time in all ages. The aim of this study was to review the serum cotinine cut-points used to classify children under 5 years as exposed to SHS. METHODS: A systematic review performed in the Pubmed (MEDLINE) and EMBASE databases up to April 2021 was conducted using as key words "serum cotinine", "tobacco smoke pollution" (MeSH), "secondhand smoke", "environmental tobacco smoke" and "tobacco smoke exposure". Papers which assessed SHS exposure among children younger than 5 years old were included. The PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed. Analysis was pre-registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42021251263). RESULTS: 247 articles were identified and 51 fulfilled inclusion criteria. The selected studies were published between 1985-2020. Most of them included adolescents and adults. Only three assessed postnatal exposure exclusively among children under 5 years. None of the selected studies proposed age-specific cut-points for children < 5 years old. Cut-point values to assess SHS exposure ranged from 0.015 to 100 ng/ml. The most commonly used cut-point was 0.05 ng/ml, derived from the assay limit of detection used by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). CONCLUSIONS: No studies have calculated serum cotinine age-specific cut-points to ascertained SHS exposure among children under 5 years old. Children's age-specific cut-points are warranted for health research and public health purposes aimed at accurately estimating the prevalence of SHS exposure and attributable burden of disease to such exposure, and at reinforcing 100% smoke-free policies worldwide, both in homes, private vehicles and public places.

Methodological guidelines for the estimation of attributable mortality using a prevalence-based method: the STREAMS-P tool.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence of strong links between exposure to different risk factors and life-threatening diseases. Assessing the burden of a risk factor on the population's mortality due to a given disease provides a clear picture of these links. The estimation of attributable mortality to a risk factor is the most widely used procedure for doing this. Although different methods are available to estimate attributable mortality, the prevalence-based methodology is the most frequent. The main objective of this study is to develop guidelines and checklists to STrengthen the design and REporting of Attributable Mortality Studies using a Prevalence-based method (STREAMS-P) and also to assess the quality of an already published study which uses this methodology. METHODS: The design of the guideline and checklists has been done in two phases. A development phase, where we set recommendations based on the review of the literature, and a validation phase, where we validated our recommendations against other published studies that have estimated attributable mortality using a prevalence-based method. RESULTS: We have developed and tested a guideline that includes the information required to perform a prevalence-based attributable mortality study to a given risk factor; a checklist of aspects that should be present when a report or a paper on attributable mortality is written or interpreted and a checklist of quality control criteria for reports or papers estimating attributable mortality. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, the STREAMS-P is the first set of criteria specifically created to assess the quality of such studies and it could be valuable for authors and readers interested in performing attributable mortality studies or interpreting their reliability.

Smoking-attributable mortality in the autonomous communities of Spain, 2017.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To estimate smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) in the regions of Spain among people aged ≥ 35 years in 2017. METHODS: SAM was estimated using a prevalence dependent method based calculating the population attributable fraction. Observed mortality was derived from the National Statistics Institute. The prevalence of smoking by age and sex was based on the Spanish National Health Survey for 2011 and 2017 and the European Survey for 2014. Relative risks were reported from the follow-up of 5 North American cohorts. SAM and population attributable fraction were estimated for each region by age group, sex, and causes of death. Cause-specific and adjusted SAM rates were estimated. RESULTS: Smoking caused 53 825 deaths in the population aged ≥ 35 years (12.9% of all-cause mortality). SAM ranged from 10.8% of observed mortality in La Rioja to 15.3% in the Canary Islands. The differences remained after rates were adjusted by age. The highest adjusted SAM rates were observed in Extremadura in men and in the Canary Islands in women. Adjusted SAM rates in men were inversely correlated with those in women. The percentage of total SAM represented by cardiovascular diseases in each region ranged from 21.8% in Castile-La Mancha to 30.3% in Andalusia. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of SAM differed among regions. Conducting a detailed region-by-region analysis provides relevant information for health policies aiming to curb the impact of smoking.

Tendencias en la mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón en Colombia, 1985-2018 / Lung cancer mortality trends in Colombia, 1985-2018 / Tendências na mortalidade por câncer de pulmão na Colômbia de 1985 a 2018

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la evolución de la mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón en Colombia en el período 1985-2018 en la población de 35 años y más e identificar cambios en la tendencia. Métodos. Análisis de series temporales de mortalidad. Se calcularon las tasas específicas y estandarizadas por sexo y grupos de edad. Mediante la regresión joinpoint se estimó el porcentaje de cambio anual de las tasas y se identificaron puntos de cambio. Resultados. En el período 1985-2018 se registraron 105 553 muertes por cáncer de pulmón en la población de 35 años y más. Las tasas estandarizadas muestran una tendencia decreciente en el período 1985-2005, excepto en mayores de 64 años. Conclusiones. La tendencia de las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón es decreciente en Colombia. Es necesario potenciar medidas de prevención primaria y secundaria sobre el consumo de tabaco y vigilar otros factores de riesgo como el radón residencial o la ocupación.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine lung cancer mortality trends in Colombia during the period 1985-2018 in the population aged 35 years and over and identify changes in the trend. Methods. Analysis of mortality time series. The specific standardized rates by sex and age group were calculated. Using joinpoint regression, the annual percentage change in the rates was estimated and points of change were identified. Results. During the period 1985-2018, 105 553 deaths from lung cancer were reported in the population aged 35 and over. The standardized rates exhibit a downward trend during the period 1985-2005, except in people over the age of 64. Conclusions. Lung cancer death rates in Colombia are trending downward. Primary and secondary prevention measures with respect to tobacco use need to be enhanced and other risk factors, such as residential radon or occupation, monitored.

RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar a evolução da mortalidade por câncer de pulmão na Colômbia no período de 1985 a 2018, na população com 35 anos de idade ou mais, e identificar mudanças na tendência. Métodos. Análise de séries temporais de mortalidade. Foram calculadas taxas específicas e padronizadas por sexo e faixa etária. Por meio da regressão joinpoint, estimou-se o percentual de variação anual das taxas e foram identificados os pontos de variação. Resultados. No período de 1985 a 2018, foram registradas 105.553 mortes por câncer de pulmão na população com 35 anos de idade ou mais. As taxas padronizadas demonstram tendência decrescente no período de 1985 a 2005, exceto para maiores de 64 anos. Conclusões. A tendência das taxas de mortalidade por câncer de pulmão na Colômbia é descendente. É necessário promover medidas de prevenção primária e secundária acerca do consumo de tabaco e monitorar outros fatores de risco, como a exposição ao radônio residencial ou a ocupação.

[Evolution of the prevalence of electronic cigarette during 2014-2018 and IQOS use in 2018 in Galicia.] / Evolución de la prevalencia de consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos en el periodo 2014-2018 y consumo de IQOS en 2018 en Galicia.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the risks associated with the use of new forms of tobacco consumption, such as electronic cigarettes or heated tobacco products such as IQOS (I Quit Ordinary Smoking), few studies have estimated the prevalence of use at the population level. The aims of this study were to describe, in Galicia, the evolution of the prevalence of the use of electronic cigarettes and the reasons for its use in the period 2014-2018, and, the use and knowledge of IQOS in 2018. METHODS: The information analyzed comes from 4 cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2014 (n=7,874), 2015 (n=7,908), 2017 (n=7,841) and 2018 (n=7,853) within the framework of the Information System on Risk Behaviors (SICRI), being the target population Galicians aged 16 and over. Estimates of prevalence of consumption, the devices knowledge and reasons for use are shown accompanied with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), globally, by gender, age group and tobacco consumption. RESULTS: In the period under study, the prevalence of electronic cigarette use remained stable. In 2018 it was estimated at 0.7% (0.5-0.9). In 2017, the only year in which changes were observed, it fell to 0.3% (0.2-0.4). Prevalence of electronic cigarette use among the population aged 16 to 24 increased from 0.8% in 2014 to 2.1% in 2018. The main reason for using electronic cigarettes was to quit smoking. The prevalence of the IQOS use at the time study (2018) was 0.1% (0.01-0.15) and 4.2% (3.7-4.7) of the Galicians knew what the IQOS was. CONCLUSIONS: In Galicia, the prevalence of electronic cigarette and IQOS use is low, although an increase was observed among the population aged 16-24 between 2014 and 2018. Surveillance of use at the population level should not be neglected.

OBJETIVO: A pesar de los riesgos asociados al uso de nuevas formas de consumo de tabaco, como los cigarrillos electrónicos o los productos de tabaco calentado como los IQOS (I Quit Ordinary Smoking), son pocos los estudios que han estimado su prevalencia de uso a nivel poblacional. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron describir, en Galicia, la evolución de la prevalencia y las razones de uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en el periodo 2014-2018; y el uso y conocimiento del IQOS en 2018. METODOS: La información analizada procede de 4 estudios transversales que se realizaron en 2014 (n=7.874), 2015 (n=7.908), 2017 (n=7.841) y 2018 (n=7.853) en el marco del Sistema de Información sobre Conductas de Riesgo (SICRI), siendo la población objetivo la población gallega de 16 años y más. Se presentan estimaciones puntuales de prevalencia de consumo y de conocimiento de los dispositivos y razones de uso acompañadas de intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%), en global, en función del sexo, el grupo de edad y el consumo de tabaco. RESULTADOS: En el periodo a estudio la prevalencia de uso de cigarrillos electrónicos se mantuvo estable. En 2018 se estimó en el 0,7% (0,5-0,9). En 2017, único año en el que se observaron cambios, se redujo al 0,3% (0,2-0,4). La prevalencia de uso de cigarrillos electrónicos entre la población de 16 a 24 años pasó del 0,8% en 2014 al 2,1% en 2018. El principal motivo de su uso de cigarrillos electrónicos fue dejar de fumar. La prevalencia de uso de IQOS en el momento del estudio (2018) fue del 0,1% (0,01-0,15) y el 4,2% (3,7-4,7) de los gallegos sabían lo que era el IQOS. CONCLUSIONES: En Galicia, la prevalencia de uso de cigarrillos electrónicos e IQOS es baja, aunque se observó un aumento entre la población de 16 a 24 años entre 2014 y 2018. No se debe descuidar la vigilancia del uso a nivel poblacional.

Enfermería en atención primaria: plan de decisiones y acciones basado en la transculturalidad / Enfermagem na atenção primária: plano de decisão e ação com base na transculturalidade / Nursing in primary care: Decision-and-action plan based on transculturality

Objetivo: presentar un plan de decisiones y acciones de enfermería basado en un enfoque transcultural a través del Modelo del Sol Naciente propuesto por Madeleine Leininger. Síntesis de contenido: investigación cualitativa tipo reporte de caso, en la que participó una familia residente del área rural del municipio de Villamaría (Caldas, Colombia) entre noviembre de 2017 y septiembre de 2018. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas sobre condiciones de cuidado individual-familiar, determinantes sociales y riesgo familiar, y se aplicaron instrumentos de valoración de la familia. La información se analizó mediante la técnica de Bardin, previa sistematización en el software ATLAS.ti. Se presenta un plan de decisiones y acciones de enfermería a la luz de una valoración coherente con la cultura, resultado de la conjunción de los sistemas populares y profesionales. Se valoraron siete factores a partir del Modelo del Sol Naciente (tecnológicos, religiosos, sociales, culturales, políticos, económicos y educativos) y se seleccionó el fenómeno "sobrecarga del cuidador familiar del adulto mayor". Conclusiones: la propuesta de abordaje otorga herramientas de análisis al profesional de enfermería para brindar cuidado según necesidades, valores, creencias y modos de vida de las personas.

Objetivo: apresentar o plano de decisões e ações de enfermagem baseado em um enfoque transcultural por meio do Modelo do Sol Nascente de Madeleine Leininger. Síntese do conteúdo: pesquisa qualitativa do tipo relato de caso, da qual participou uma família domiciliada na área rural do município de Villamaria, Caldas, Colômbia, entre novembro de 2017 e setembro de 2018. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas sobre condições de cuidado individual-familiar, determinantes sociais e risco familiar, utilizaram-se também instrumentos de valoração da familia. A informação se analisou pela técnica de Bardin, com prévia sistematização no software ATLAS.ti. Apresenta-se um plano de decisões e ações de enfermagem à luz de uma valoração consistente com a cultura, resultado da conjunção dos sistemas populares e profissionais. Avaliaram-se sete fatores a partir do Modelo do Sol Nascente (tecnológicos, religiosos, sociais, culturais, políticos, econômicos, educativos) e se selecionou o fenômeno "sobrecarga do cuidador familiar do idoso". Conclusões: a proposta de abordagem outorga ao profissional de enfermagem ferramentas de análise para oferecer cuidado segundo necessidades, valores, crenças e modos de vida das pessoas.

Objective: To introduce a nursing decision-and-action plan based on a cross-cultural approach through the Rising Sun Model created by Madeleine Leininger. Content synthesis: Qualitative research under the case report method that involved the participation of a rural family from the municipality of Villamaría (Caldas, Colombia), from November 2017 to September 2018. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on individual-family care conditions, social determinants, and family risk. Family assessment instruments were also applied. The information was analyzed using the Bardin technique, after its systematization in ATLAS.ti software. A plan for nursing decisions and actions, resulting from the conjunction of popular and professional systems, is presented in the light of an assessment consistent with culture. Seven factors were evaluated based on the Rising Sun Model (technological, religious, social, cultural, political, economic, educational), selecting the phenomenon known as "overload of elderly family caregivers." Conclusions: The suggested approach gives nursing professionals analytical tools in order to provide care according to people's needs, values, beliefs, and lifestyles.

Formación del talento humano en enfermería en Colombia / Treinamento de talento humano em enfermagem na Colômbia / Training of human talent in nursing in Colombia

Introducción: la formación del talento humano en enfermería requiere de la articulación, de manera imprescindible, con las Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de Salud (IPS). Objetivo: analizar la relación docencia-servicio para la formación de talento humano en enfermería en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio de tipo descriptivo. Se envió una encuesta electrónica con preguntas estructuradas y semiestructuradas a 53 Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES). Se incluyeron instituciones con programas de enfermería y con convenios docencia-servicio para prácticas formativas. Resultados: participaron 48 programas de enfermería de IES privadas (60,4 %) y públicas (39,6 %). El 62,5 % no contaban con una IPS propia para el desarrollo de prácticas formativas en salud, situación que deriva en estructuración de convenios docencia-servicio y pagos en dinero o servicios por las IES. Las principales modalidades de contraprestación fueron capacitación del recurso humano, educación continuada y dotación tecnológica. Conclusiones: la integración docencia-servicio de universidades públicas y privadas con diferentes instituciones es necesaria en la formación integral de profesionales de enfermería. Las IES se ven abocadas a ofrecer actividades de compensación y contraprestación según su capacidad y valoración de las necesidades conjuntas. Un bajo porcentaje cuenta con IPS propias, cuya mayoría es de carácter privado. La relación docencia-servicio mejora la atención, educación, orientación a los pacientes y familiares y la credibilidad por la presencia de la academia en las unidades asistenciales.

Introdução: para a formação do talento humano em enfermagem, é essencial articular-se com as instituições prestadoras de serviços de saúde (IPS). Objetivo: analisar a relação ensinoserviço para a formação do talento humano em enfermagem na Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: estudo descritivo, o qual utilizou enquete eletrônica com perguntas estruturadas e semiestruturadas enviadas a 53 Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES). Foram incluídas instituições com programas de enfermagem e convênios docentes para as práticas de formação. Resultados: participaram 48 programas de enfermagem de IES privadas (60,4 %) e públicas (39,6 %). 62,5 % não contavam com IPS própria para o desenvolvimento de estágios em saúde; essa situação leva à estruturação de convênios de prestação de serviços docentes e pagamentos em dinheiro ou serviços pelas IES. As principais formas de contraprestação foram treinamento do recurso humano, educação continuada e dotação tecnológica. Conclusões: a integração ensinoserviço de universidades públicas e privadas com diferentes instituições é necessária na formação integral dos profissionais de enfermagem. As IES são forçadas a oferecer atividades de compensação e remuneração de acordo com sua capacidade e avaliação de necessidades conjuntas. Uma porcentagem baixa tem suas IPS, e a maioria é privada. A relação ensinoserviço melhora o atendimento, a educação, a orientação e a credibilidade do paciente e da família, devido à presença da academia nas unidades de atendimento.

Introduction: The training of human talent in nursing requires the articulation with the health services institutions (IPS, in Spanish) as an essential feature. Objective: To analyze the teachingservice relationship for the training of human talent in nursing in Colombia. Materials and methods: Descriptive study using an electronic survey with structured and semi-structured questions sent to 53 higher education institutions (IES, in spanish). Institutions with nursing programs and teaching service agreements for training practices were included. Results: 48 nursing programs from private (60.4 %) and public (39.6 %) IES participated in this study. 62.5 % of these did not have an IPS in charge of providing their own health services for the development of training practices. This situation leads to the structuring of teaching service agreements and payments in money or services by IES. The main forms of compensation were human resource training, continuing education, and technological endowment. Conclusions: The teachingservice integration of public and private universities with different institutions is necessary for the comprehensive training of nursing professionals. IES are forced to offer compensation activities according to their capacity and assessment of joint needs. A low percentage have their own IPS, whose majority are private institutions. The teaching-service relationship improves care, education, patient and family orientation and credibility due to the presence of the academy in health care units.

Smoking-attributable mortality in South America: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Dating from the 1920s and linked to the increase in mortality among smokers, tobacco has become one of the most studied health risk factors. Tobacco-use series, whether for the general population or for specific groups, are unavailable for most South American countries, something that hinders the characterisation of this risk factor. OBJECTIVES: To identify and analyse studies that estimate smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) in South America and provide an overview of the impact of smoking habit on mortality in the region. METHODS: Systematic review using PubMed, Embase, LILACS, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Google Scholar and Google, and including all papers published until June 2020 reporting studies in which SAM was estimated. RESULTS: The search yielded 140 papers, 17 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There were SAM estimates for all South American countries, with Argentina having the most. The first estimate covered 1981 and the latest, 2013. The method most used was prevalence-based. Regardless of the country and point in time covered by the estimate, the highest figures were recorded for men in all cases. The burden of attributable vs observed mortality varied among countries, reaching a figure of 20.3% in Argentina in 1986. The highest SAM burden was registered for the group of cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSIONS: SAM estimates are available for all South American countries but the respective study periods differ and the frequency of the estimates is unclear. For 4 countries, the only estimates available are drawn from reports, something that does not allow for a detailed assessment of the estimates obtained. To help with decision-making targeted at evaluating and enhancing the impact of smoking control policies, further studies are needed in order to update the impact of smoking on all countries across South America.

Epidemiology of stage III lung cancer: frequency, diagnostic characteristics, and survival.

Stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) includes a highly heterogeneous group of patients with differences in the extent and localization of disease. Many aspects of stage III disease are controversial. The data supporting treatment approaches are often subject to a number of limitations, due to the heterogeneous patient populations involved in the trials. Furthermore, the definition of stage III disease has changed over time, and early studies were frequently inadequately powered to detect small differences in therapeutic outcome, were not randomized, or had a limited follow-up times. Major improvements in therapy, including the use of more active chemotherapy agents and refinements in radiation and surgical techniques, also limit the interpretation of earlier clinical trials. Lastly, improvements in pretreatment staging have led to reclassification of patients with relatively minimal metastatic disease as stage IV rather than stage III, leading to an apparent increase in the overall survival of both stage III and IV patients. Median overall stage III NSCLC survival ranges from 9 to 34 months. Higher survival rates are observed in younger Caucasian women with good performance status, adenocarcinoma, mutations, stage IIIA, and in patients with multidisciplinary-team-based diagnoses.

Residential Radon in Manizales, Colombia: Results of a Pilot Study.

Radon is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless noble gas, causally related with the onset of lung cancer. We aimed to describe the distribution of radon exposure in the municipality of Manizales, Colombia, in order to estimate the population's exposure and establish the percentage of dwellings that surpass reference levels. A cross-sectional study representing all geographical areas was carried out by measuring indoor radon concentrations. Participants answered a short questionnaire. Alpha-track type radon detectors were installed in all residences for six months. The detectors were subsequently processed at the Galician Radon Laboratory, an accredited laboratory at the University of Santiago de Compostela. A total of 202 homes were measured. Seventy-seven percent of the sampled houses were three stories high, their median age was 30 years, and half were inhabited by three people or fewer. For most dwellings, the building materials of walls and flooring were brick and covered cement, respectively. Results showed a geometric mean of radon concentration of 8.5 Bq/m3 and a maximum value of 50 Bq/m3. No statistically significant differences were found either between the geometric mean of the dwelling's site, the height at which detectors were placed inside the home, or the wall and flooring materials, or between mean 222Rn concentrations in rural and urban areas. No dwelling surpassed the 222Rn reference level established by the WHO. This study shows that residential radon levels in Manizales, Colombia, seem to be low, though a more in-depth approach should be carried out. Despite these results, it is essential to create a national radon program and establish a radon concentration reference level for Colombia in line with international recommendations.

Mortalidad atribuida al consumo de tabaco en Brasil, 2016 / Mortality attributed to tobacco consumption in Brazil, 2016

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Actualizar la estimación de la mortalidad atribuida al consumo de tabaco en Brasil en población de 35 y más años. Métodos: Se aplicó un método dependiente de prevalencia, basado en la fracción atribuida poblacional. Este método estima la mortalidad atribuida a partir de la mortalidad observada en Brasil (fuente: Sistema de Información de Mortalidad del Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil-2016); de las prevalencias de fumadores, exfumadores y nunca fumadores (Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Brasil-2013) y del exceso de riesgo de morir (riesgo relativo) que tienen los fumadores y exfumadores en comparación con los nunca fumadores (5 estudios de cohortes norteamericanos). Se presentan estimaciones de mortalidad atribuida globales, por sexo, grupo de edad (35-54; 55-64; 65-74 y 75 años en adelante) y 3 grupos de enfermedades: tumores malignos, enfermedades cardiometabólicas y respiratorias. Resultados: En 2016, el consumo de tabaco causó con 163.831 muertes en Brasil, el 67% (109.369) fue en hombres y cuatro de cada diez (62.791) sucedieron antes de los 65 años. El 42% de la mortalidad atribuida se asocia a enfermedades cardiometabólicas, seguidas de respiratorias (34%) y tumorales (24%), sin diferencias por sexo. Conclusión: El 14% de las muertes que sucedieron en Brasil durante 2016 en población de 35 y más años se atribuye al consumo de tabaco. Realizar de forma periódica estimaciones de MA es necesario para valorar y fortalecer las leyes de control de tabaquismo implantadas.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To update the estimation of tobacco attributable mortality (AM) in the Brazilian population aged 35 years old and older. Methods: A prevalence-dependent analysis was applied based on the population attributed fraction. This method estimates the tobacco AM taking into account the mortality observed in Brazil (source: Brazilian Mortality Information System - 2016); the prevalence of smokers, former smokers, and never smokers (National Health Survey Brazil - 2013) and the excess of risk of death (relative risk) of smokers and former smokers in comparison to never smokers (derived from 5 North American cohorts). Estimates of overall AM are shown by gender, age group (35-54; 55-64; 65-74; and 75 years old and older) and 3 groups: malignant tumors, cardiometabolic diseases, and respiratory diseases. Results: In 2016, tobacco consumption caused 163,831 deaths in Brazil, 67% (109,369) were in men and four out of ten (62,791) occurred before the age of 65. Without differences by gender, 42% of the AM is associated with cardiometabolic diseases, followed by respiratory diseases (34%) and malignant tumors (24%). Conclusion: During 2016, 14% of the deaths occurred in the Brazilian population aged 35 years old and older were attributed to tobacco consumption. Periodic tobacco AM estimations are mandatory to assess and strengthen smoking control strategies and policies.

Mortality attributed to tobacco consumption in Brazil, 2016. / Mortalidad atribuida al consumo de tabaco en Brasil, 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To update the estimation of tobacco attributable mortality (AM) in the Brazilian population aged 35 years old and older. METHODS: A prevalence-dependent analysis was applied based on the population attributed fraction. This method estimates the tobacco AM taking into account the mortality observed in Brazil (source: Brazilian Mortality Information System - 2016); the prevalence of smokers, former smokers, and never smokers (National Health Survey Brazil - 2013) and the excess of risk of death (relative risk) of smokers and former smokers in comparison to never smokers (derived from 5 North American cohorts). Estimates of overall AM are shown by gender, age group (35-54; 55-64; 65-74; and 75 years old and older) and 3 groups: malignant tumors, cardiometabolic diseases, and respiratory diseases. RESULTS: In 2016, tobacco consumption caused 163,831 deaths in Brazil, 67% (109,369) were in men and four out of ten (62,791) occurred before the age of 65. Without differences by gender, 42% of the AM is associated with cardiometabolic diseases, followed by respiratory diseases (34%) and malignant tumors (24%). CONCLUSION: During 2016, 14% of the deaths occurred in the Brazilian population aged 35 years old and older were attributed to tobacco consumption. Periodic tobacco AM estimations are mandatory to assess and strengthen smoking control strategies and policies.

OBJETIVO: Actualizar la estimación de la mortalidad atribuida al consumo de tabaco en Brasil en población de 35 y más años. MÉTODOS: Se aplicó un método dependiente de prevalencia, basado en la fracción atribuida poblacional. Este método estima la mortalidad atribuida a partir de la mortalidad observada en Brasil (fuente: Sistema de Información de Mortalidad del Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil-2016); de las prevalencias de fumadores, exfumadores y nunca fumadores (Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Brasil-2013) y del exceso de riesgo de morir (riesgo relativo) que tienen los fumadores y exfumadores en comparación con los nunca fumadores (5 estudios de cohortes norteamericanos). Se presentan estimaciones de mortalidad atribuida globales, por sexo, grupo de edad (35-54; 55-64; 65-74 y 75 años en adelante) y 3 grupos de enfermedades: tumores malignos, enfermedades cardiometabólicas y respiratorias. RESULTADOS: En 2016, el consumo de tabaco causó con 163.831 muertes en Brasil, el 67% (109.369) fue en hombres y cuatro de cada diez (62.791) sucedieron antes de los 65 años. El 42% de la mortalidad atribuida se asocia a enfermedades cardiometabólicas, seguidas de respiratorias (34%) y tumorales (24%), sin diferencias por sexo. CONCLUSIÓN: El 14% de las muertes que sucedieron en Brasil durante 2016 en población de 35 y más años se atribuye al consumo de tabaco. Realizar de forma periódica estimaciones de MA es necesario para valorar y fortalecer las leyes de control de tabaquismo implantadas.